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L’éducation sexuelle des jeunes urbains et sa contribution dans la lutte contre les IST et VIH/sida en Afrique
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L? sex education of the urban young people and his contribution in the fight against STI and VIH/sida in Africa
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo


During the last decades, S? an evolution of the socio-medical problems in Africa is produced. Is this evolution marked by L? increase relating in the diseases related to life styles and/or behaviors considered as “to health risk” on L? instar of Vih/AIDS and the infections sexually transmissible (STI).
L? epidemic of Vih/Sida is the greatest human tragedy of the 21st century. On the African continent, this plague because much of miseries among the communities and nations. It represents a threat for million people through the continent, of which a majority of young people of less than 25 years. At the moment when Vih strongly threatens health of the young people, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa; each year one (01) adolescent out of twenty (20) contracts an Infection Sexually Transmissible (STI) bacterial.
Our company D? aujourd? today, permissive as regards sexuality, in the young people the development of the behaviors at the risk supports and by consequence, exposes them to Vih/Sida and STI.

In the majority of the African traditional companies, sexuality was always early but obeying a social control. L? exchanges between the parents and the children on sexual knowledge N? was not L?? uvre direct of the parents (Abega, 1997). L? does child belong as of his birth at a community, a chalk-lining which represents at the same time L? authority, protection and L? affection. Does this membership come owing to the fact that L? does child represent L? ancestor and perpetuates the surname, it thus ensures the continuity of chalk-lining. Is all the company educational because L? is child L? child of the entire group and not only of his/her parents parents. L? education with a pronounced collective character, a globality on the level of the agents. Indeed, in the traditional companies of L? Sub-Saharan Africa, the relationship, the pars, the village take part in education. Is everyone concerned with its education even if a particular place returns to the parents and to elder or with people qualified by special tasks as during the moments of rites D? various initiations or D? training of trades. “Does Member parasitize D? access, autonomous then, L? does child break his mooring ropes D gradually? with the medium and D? with the teachers not necessarily like elsewhere for S? to oppose to them, but it S? affirm to shoulder them as far as effectively its capacities” (Ngoma, 1981: 12). The young S? affirms so much that to devote its social maturity, its official integration with the statute D? is adult L? object D? a true decision and, with L? does authorization of its group, it undergo L? test of L? initiation.

In the initiatory formation, girls and boys indeed separate and are entrusted to elder, wise and are tested. Though parents, closer to L? child remain the first initiators; L? initiation with the life is also carried out of face by the old ones, uncles, aunts, grandparents and the elder ones of the clan, distinguished by their notoriety and their experiment from the life. Indicated for this end, they teach with young people the codes of conduct, the great moral principles, the good mannerss. L? training of L? is child done in the company with L? helps of maxims, sentences, songs, tales, proverbs? , used to justify such manner of proceeding, or such intervention and with through which L is guessed? existence D? a teaching project, D? a true philosophy of L? education (Mbarga, 1991; Rwenge, 1999). Standards and values of the company conveyed with L? do child often carry L? honor (for its family and him), decency, the self-respect, etc In are the field of sexuality, chastity, virginity, the tolerance and patience in their future households more addressed to girls qu? with the boys. For does the latter, one insist on the direction and L? importance of the responsibility so D? in making beings capable of S? to assume and D? to assume and to contribute to the production of the group (Rwenge, 1999).

Since the XVIII E century, the rate/rhythm D? increase in the urban population and the number of city N? S ceased? to accelerate, at the point where aujourd? today in is Africa, the urban growth sometimes faster qu? in occident (To raise, 1965; Ela, 1983; Antoine et al., 1995; Gendreau, 1996). In sub-Saharan Africa, the urban phenomenon S? is generalized since the Fifties thanks to colonization and its corollary L? industrialization. Estimated at 14.7% in 1950, the rate D? did urbanization pass to 40.5% in 2005 for L? together African countries, with an annual rate/rhythm near to 5%. This rate/rhythm, the urban growth is sometimes higher than the natural growth of the population (Antoine et al., 1995: 5).

Then qu? one generally assigned with L? urbanization the statute D? does a factor of development, this process shape in a context of increasing impoverishment of the populations, decentralization and disengagement of L? State, following multiple crises (economic, social, cultural) having involved austere policies D? structural adjustment. C? is from now on downtown that develop the majority of the deviances and plagues social: family conflicts, marital violences, sexual exploitation of the children, traffic of the children, nondesired early pregnancies, clandestine abortion, paedophilia, etc
Would the reduction in social control as regards sexuality be partly charged to L? urbanization which, because of socio-economic opportunities, destroyed the traditional structures, supported the cultural changes and, therefore, increased the decisional capacity of the individuals in the choices concerning the moment of, with which and why contract the sexual relations (Bauni, 1990: 22; Meekers, 1992). Was this assumption validated by a qualitative investigation carried out auprès D? Kenyan teenagers (Ocholla-Ayayo et al. 1990: 67). Because of the modernism and L? do urbanization, the African families undergo major changes at the point not to provide its functions of protection effectively more, of safety and D? education.

The company known as “modern”, contrary to the traditional company, N? do not assign precise social functions with youth. The traditional company was making safe for it. L? authority qu? did y have the family S? is reduced to L? hour current (Caldwell et al., 1991; Diop, 1995). There is, downtown, like a rupture of the parental and ethnic bond because of the dilution of the concept D? individual in a very controlled and regulated space which differently distributes the capacity than by the parental and family data, very accentuated in rural zone (Mendo Ze, 2000. p120). L? influences of the family on L? child, while not limiting itself to transform its affectivity for L? to adapt to the life of the community, strips this one of any social function (Rwenge, 1999). Multiplication of the single-parent hearths to the favour of polygamy and the ruptures D? does union and of recombinings in a headless structure or without parental bond, one attend the destructuration of L? family entity which has as a corollary the loss of control on the offspring (Ngueyap F, 1997; Rwenge M, 2000; Makatjane T?). The family does not constitute any more only control as at the village (Mendo Ze G, p120). Is its education dealt with by L there? school, the mediae (television, radio and newspaper industry) conveying new ideas which create different behaviors (Rwenge M, 1999). L? rise of technologies of L? information and of the communication (TIC) developed in the African cities of new attitudes in the young people. If L? is arrival desTICs an aubaine for young African to improve their level D? should education, it be revealed that good number D? between them and particularly the teenager (E) S, request these tools to multiply the relations in love, to download or look at pornographic films.

L? do school and the leisures move away more and more the young people from the adults and the separation of sexes N? y is more assured. These leisures which refer to the cinema, the dances, the sport, picnic, reading? , time decreases that the young people pass under parental and family control. Deprived thus of physical protection and L? educational framing of the parentèle and delivered to themselves in a hostile environment, they are found at the thank you of the body maltreatments and the sexual abuse (Anarfi J.K and Appiah B.N, 1997).

Does the report/ratio of the International Conference on the Population and the Development (CIPD, 2000) stipulate that in the majority of the areas of the world, the majority of young people sexually become active during L? adolescence, within the framework and apart from the marriage. Are surroundings half or two thirds of the teenagers of the Latin-American and West-Indian countries sexually active, and this proportion reaches the three-quarters or more in L? together does the Third World, and exceed 90% in several countries D? Black Africa. Do the statistics show that 38% of women the 19 year old or less D? Black Africa and 28% of those in Latin America and in the Antilles had their first sexual relation apart from the marriage. Roughly 30% of the girls from 15 to 19 years are married (and consequently sexually active) in Africa; does the number increase jusqu? to 34% in Asia (with L? exclusion of China).

If with L? did origin the first studies on the sexual behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa aim to determine the causes of L? sterility and of sterility observed especially in central Africa; now, L? stressing and L? implication on L? did medical aspect increase with the development of STI and especially L? advent and L? explosion of the cases of VIH/sida on the continent. At the moment when IST/VIH/sida as well as morbidity and maternal mortality strongly threaten health sexual and procréative of the girls, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa; each year one (01) adolescent out of twenty (20) contracts a Sexuellement infection Transmissible (STI) bacterial. L? adolescence became to this end a subject of concern and all the attentions because precisely, it is the period of strong contamination to the virus (Anderson R.M, quoted by Görgen R et al., 1998). L? ONUSIDA in his ratio of 2001 estimates that on a population of 6 billion people whom account the world, approximately 36 million have an infection with HIV. It is to be stressed that 95% of these people are in the countries of the South including 70% in sub-Saharan Africa (Marie-Claude, 2000). Do some go jusqu? to wonder whether for L? Africa D? aujourd? today, the AIDS would not be what was formerly the plague for L? Europe. The report/ratio of L? UNICEF (2000) ten last years indicates that the situation of the old young people between 15 and 24 years compared to the virus of the AIDS is alarming. It comes out from it from this report/ratio that on 34.3 million the world HIV positive population, a third of this number consists of young people from 15 to 24 years, while knowing that C? is especially through the sexual relations that the contamination in VIH/Sida is more rependue.

It is noted however that conduits at the risk persist (Moore and Oppong, 2006) and that majority tendency N? D did not change? practice in spite of the speeches and public awareness campaigns on the sexuality and the pandemia of Vih/AIDS. Though this tendency relates to everyone, it is accentuated in the medium of the young people and at the teenager (E) S in particular, affecting not only the individuals but also the families and the companies total.

Are the teenager (E) S aujourd? today exacerbated by L? absence or L? insufficiency D? sex education in family medium, stammerings noted in L? introduction of L? sex education by certain media which always do not take account of the endogenous cultural values.
Vis-a-vis is this situation, it legitimate of S? to question on the mission which has to play the parents, L? State and ONG in L? sex education of the teenager (E) S. Do they take up truly their duty D? teachers and D? guide in this complex field? Because, topics of L? does sex education, of the recrudescence of the infections sexually transmissible (STI) and of the pandemia of the AIDS concern us all and all, and the teenager (E) S N? do not escape this context which is D? an alarming topicality. They constitute a real social problem and of public health.

Elie Michel KEDJO
Social Worker
elkedj@gmail.com

September 10, 2008 | 3:23 PM Comments  0 comments

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