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L’éducation sexuelle des jeunes urbains et sa contribution dans la lutte contre les IST et VIH/sida en Afrique
Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

L? sex education of the urban young people and his contribution in the fight against STI and VIH/sida in Africa
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo


During the last decades, S? an evolution of the socio-medical problems in Africa is produced. Is this evolution marked by L? increase relating in the diseases related to life styles and/or behaviors considered as “to health risk” on L? instar of Vih/AIDS and the infections sexually transmissible (STI).
L? epidemic of Vih/Sida is the greatest human tragedy of the 21st century. On the African continent, this plague because much of miseries among the communities and nations. It represents a threat for million people through the continent, of which a majority of young people of less than 25 years. At the moment when Vih strongly threatens health of the young people, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa; each year one (01) adolescent out of twenty (20) contracts an Infection Sexually Transmissible (STI) bacterial.
Our company D? aujourd? today, permissive as regards sexuality, in the young people the development of the behaviors at the risk supports and by consequence, exposes them to Vih/Sida and STI.

In the majority of the African traditional companies, sexuality was always early but obeying a social control. L? exchanges between the parents and the children on sexual knowledge N? was not L?? uvre direct of the parents (Abega, 1997). L? does child belong as of his birth at a community, a chalk-lining which represents at the same time L? authority, protection and L? affection. Does this membership come owing to the fact that L? does child represent L? ancestor and perpetuates the surname, it thus ensures the continuity of chalk-lining. Is all the company educational because L? is child L? child of the entire group and not only of his/her parents parents. L? education with a pronounced collective character, a globality on the level of the agents. Indeed, in the traditional companies of L? Sub-Saharan Africa, the relationship, the pars, the village take part in education. Is everyone concerned with its education even if a particular place returns to the parents and to elder or with people qualified by special tasks as during the moments of rites D? various initiations or D? training of trades. “Does Member parasitize D? access, autonomous then, L? does child break his mooring ropes D gradually? with the medium and D? with the teachers not necessarily like elsewhere for S? to oppose to them, but it S? affirm to shoulder them as far as effectively its capacities” (Ngoma, 1981: 12). The young S? affirms so much that to devote its social maturity, its official integration with the statute D? is adult L? object D? a true decision and, with L? does authorization of its group, it undergo L? test of L? initiation.

In the initiatory formation, girls and boys indeed separate and are entrusted to elder, wise and are tested. Though parents, closer to L? child remain the first initiators; L? initiation with the life is also carried out of face by the old ones, uncles, aunts, grandparents and the elder ones of the clan, distinguished by their notoriety and their experiment from the life. Indicated for this end, they teach with young people the codes of conduct, the great moral principles, the good mannerss. L? training of L? is child done in the company with L? helps of maxims, sentences, songs, tales, proverbs? , used to justify such manner of proceeding, or such intervention and with through which L is guessed? existence D? a teaching project, D? a true philosophy of L? education (Mbarga, 1991; Rwenge, 1999). Standards and values of the company conveyed with L? do child often carry L? honor (for its family and him), decency, the self-respect, etc In are the field of sexuality, chastity, virginity, the tolerance and patience in their future households more addressed to girls qu? with the boys. For does the latter, one insist on the direction and L? importance of the responsibility so D? in making beings capable of S? to assume and D? to assume and to contribute to the production of the group (Rwenge, 1999).

Since the XVIII E century, the rate/rhythm D? increase in the urban population and the number of city N? S ceased? to accelerate, at the point where aujourd? today in is Africa, the urban growth sometimes faster qu? in occident (To raise, 1965; Ela, 1983; Antoine et al., 1995; Gendreau, 1996). In sub-Saharan Africa, the urban phenomenon S? is generalized since the Fifties thanks to colonization and its corollary L? industrialization. Estimated at 14.7% in 1950, the rate D? did urbanization pass to 40.5% in 2005 for L? together African countries, with an annual rate/rhythm near to 5%. This rate/rhythm, the urban growth is sometimes higher than the natural growth of the population (Antoine et al., 1995: 5).

Then qu? one generally assigned with L? urbanization the statute D? does a factor of development, this process shape in a context of increasing impoverishment of the populations, decentralization and disengagement of L? State, following multiple crises (economic, social, cultural) having involved austere policies D? structural adjustment. C? is from now on downtown that develop the majority of the deviances and plagues social: family conflicts, marital violences, sexual exploitation of the children, traffic of the children, nondesired early pregnancies, clandestine abortion, paedophilia, etc
Would the reduction in social control as regards sexuality be partly charged to L? urbanization which, because of socio-economic opportunities, destroyed the traditional structures, supported the cultural changes and, therefore, increased the decisional capacity of the individuals in the choices concerning the moment of, with which and why contract the sexual relations (Bauni, 1990: 22; Meekers, 1992). Was this assumption validated by a qualitative investigation carried out auprès D? Kenyan teenagers (Ocholla-Ayayo et al. 1990: 67). Because of the modernism and L? do urbanization, the African families undergo major changes at the point not to provide its functions of protection effectively more, of safety and D? education.

The company known as “modern”, contrary to the traditional company, N? do not assign precise social functions with youth. The traditional company was making safe for it. L? authority qu? did y have the family S? is reduced to L? hour current (Caldwell et al., 1991; Diop, 1995). There is, downtown, like a rupture of the parental and ethnic bond because of the dilution of the concept D? individual in a very controlled and regulated space which differently distributes the capacity than by the parental and family data, very accentuated in rural zone (Mendo Ze, 2000. p120). L? influences of the family on L? child, while not limiting itself to transform its affectivity for L? to adapt to the life of the community, strips this one of any social function (Rwenge, 1999). Multiplication of the single-parent hearths to the favour of polygamy and the ruptures D? does union and of recombinings in a headless structure or without parental bond, one attend the destructuration of L? family entity which has as a corollary the loss of control on the offspring (Ngueyap F, 1997; Rwenge M, 2000; Makatjane T?). The family does not constitute any more only control as at the village (Mendo Ze G, p120). Is its education dealt with by L there? school, the mediae (television, radio and newspaper industry) conveying new ideas which create different behaviors (Rwenge M, 1999). L? rise of technologies of L? information and of the communication (TIC) developed in the African cities of new attitudes in the young people. If L? is arrival desTICs an aubaine for young African to improve their level D? should education, it be revealed that good number D? between them and particularly the teenager (E) S, request these tools to multiply the relations in love, to download or look at pornographic films.

L? do school and the leisures move away more and more the young people from the adults and the separation of sexes N? y is more assured. These leisures which refer to the cinema, the dances, the sport, picnic, reading? , time decreases that the young people pass under parental and family control. Deprived thus of physical protection and L? educational framing of the parentèle and delivered to themselves in a hostile environment, they are found at the thank you of the body maltreatments and the sexual abuse (Anarfi J.K and Appiah B.N, 1997).

Does the report/ratio of the International Conference on the Population and the Development (CIPD, 2000) stipulate that in the majority of the areas of the world, the majority of young people sexually become active during L? adolescence, within the framework and apart from the marriage. Are surroundings half or two thirds of the teenagers of the Latin-American and West-Indian countries sexually active, and this proportion reaches the three-quarters or more in L? together does the Third World, and exceed 90% in several countries D? Black Africa. Do the statistics show that 38% of women the 19 year old or less D? Black Africa and 28% of those in Latin America and in the Antilles had their first sexual relation apart from the marriage. Roughly 30% of the girls from 15 to 19 years are married (and consequently sexually active) in Africa; does the number increase jusqu? to 34% in Asia (with L? exclusion of China).

If with L? did origin the first studies on the sexual behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa aim to determine the causes of L? sterility and of sterility observed especially in central Africa; now, L? stressing and L? implication on L? did medical aspect increase with the development of STI and especially L? advent and L? explosion of the cases of VIH/sida on the continent. At the moment when IST/VIH/sida as well as morbidity and maternal mortality strongly threaten health sexual and procréative of the girls, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa; each year one (01) adolescent out of twenty (20) contracts a Sexuellement infection Transmissible (STI) bacterial. L? adolescence became to this end a subject of concern and all the attentions because precisely, it is the period of strong contamination to the virus (Anderson R.M, quoted by Görgen R et al., 1998). L? ONUSIDA in his ratio of 2001 estimates that on a population of 6 billion people whom account the world, approximately 36 million have an infection with HIV. It is to be stressed that 95% of these people are in the countries of the South including 70% in sub-Saharan Africa (Marie-Claude, 2000). Do some go jusqu? to wonder whether for L? Africa D? aujourd? today, the AIDS would not be what was formerly the plague for L? Europe. The report/ratio of L? UNICEF (2000) ten last years indicates that the situation of the old young people between 15 and 24 years compared to the virus of the AIDS is alarming. It comes out from it from this report/ratio that on 34.3 million the world HIV positive population, a third of this number consists of young people from 15 to 24 years, while knowing that C? is especially through the sexual relations that the contamination in VIH/Sida is more rependue.

It is noted however that conduits at the risk persist (Moore and Oppong, 2006) and that majority tendency N? D did not change? practice in spite of the speeches and public awareness campaigns on the sexuality and the pandemia of Vih/AIDS. Though this tendency relates to everyone, it is accentuated in the medium of the young people and at the teenager (E) S in particular, affecting not only the individuals but also the families and the companies total.

Are the teenager (E) S aujourd? today exacerbated by L? absence or L? insufficiency D? sex education in family medium, stammerings noted in L? introduction of L? sex education by certain media which always do not take account of the endogenous cultural values.
Vis-a-vis is this situation, it legitimate of S? to question on the mission which has to play the parents, L? State and ONG in L? sex education of the teenager (E) S. Do they take up truly their duty D? teachers and D? guide in this complex field? Because, topics of L? does sex education, of the recrudescence of the infections sexually transmissible (STI) and of the pandemia of the AIDS concern us all and all, and the teenager (E) S N? do not escape this context which is D? an alarming topicality. They constitute a real social problem and of public health.

Elie Michel KEDJO
Social Worker
elkedj@gmail.com

September 10, 2008 | 3:23 PM Comments  0 comments

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NON et NON au travail des enfants
Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

NOT and NOT with the child work
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
L? child D? aujourd? today will be L? adult of tomorrow. It must be protected from the hostilities of L? environment which can block its development and its blooming. This preoccupation with a protection S? is translated from time immemorial by a form of socialization which consists in making take part the young person in the family and Community activities.
Voltaire pointed out to us that “work moves away from us three great evils: L? trouble, the vice one and the need”. Of which work S? does it act? Are the children concerned?
Admittedly, work makes it possible to live and D? to achieve is a duty because it a need and a form D? achievement, but it N? in residence not less qu? it can cause problem for young people. For Blanchard (1993), “work N? is not always an evil for the children; what is worrying C? is kind of work which threatens its life, its health and its good being, which makes it possible to benefit from its weakness, which makes of him a false exploitable adult cheaply, which takes its effort without L to him? helps to grow and which in L? preventing S? to inform and to be formed compromises its future. Here is the kind of work against which must act the countries the international community”.

Problem N? is thus not that the children work but rather the conditions in which this work S? exerts and the degree D? exploitation of L? child. Indeed, the child work comprises a certain number of risks of fact qu? they are vulnerable and without defense.
Thus, the child work like source of problem has been raised for XIXème century by the industrialists philanthropists, the doctors, the political militants (Stella, 1996). Vis-a-vis this situation for a long time, a fight against the child work was started. However, laws promulgated for L? improvement of the working conditions of the children or L? eradication of its worst forms N? their objectives of fact qu did not reach? they badly or are differently applied according to countries'. The child work is present in Africa.
Aujourd? today work became a world phenomenon. Does the ILO estimate that two hundred and fifty million (250.000.000) D? old children of 5 à14ans are economically active of share the world, of which a hundred and twenty million (120.000.000) works full-time. Among these children, 61% are in Asia, 32% in Africa and 7%en Latin America. In are Africa, they a few four twenty million (80.000.000) D? children who are used to carry out the spots on behalf of the thirds (Free and Ndao, 2002). Also, a study of the ILO (1996) shows qu? in Africa.

In certain areas of Ghana and Senegal, 25% of the 15 year old children are economically active, that the majority of the children give their goods to their parents and that the parents confirm that the work of their children get more of the third of the income of household. In Senegal as in more the share of the countries D? Is Africa or of the world, the work children aujourd? today D? topicality. Indeed, the number D? hard-working children is increasingly important there. One finds his children in all the areas of Senegal, but the majority are established in the capital in Dakar. For L? are essence, they farmers, apprentices shoeshiners of shoes, salesmen of sachets D? water, servants, etc

In spite of the political good-will, the actions carried out to improve the working conditions these children; it remains still much to make and it task is far D? to be finished. It is imperative for the States and the organizations of child welfare, to set up a true policy for the assumption of responsibility as of the these children in distresses, exposed to the imposters of any kind. Follow my glance??????????.

elkedj@gmail.com


September 4, 2008 | 8:38 PM Comments  0 comments

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Problématique sur l’intégration scolaire des enfants déficients auditifs en Afrique
Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Problems on L? school integration of the auditive defective children in Africa
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo



Doesn't Aristote support “qu? it N? is worse injustice than to also treat unequal people”?

To live or be born with a handicap does not have anything easy whatever the corner of the world where the person is. Indeed, the obstacles to be surmounted are multiple. Thus the Nations Plain declared the decade 1983-1992, decade of the people handicapped. L? is stress laid on the fight against stigmatization with the installation of strategies of sensitizing and the creation of promotion and D? integration. Being made L? echo of the Nations Linked, L? OAU declares in the tread the Handicapped years 1999-2009 Decade of the People.

Generally, the people handicapped live for various reasons in margin of the company and their living conditions are even more precarious in the underdeveloped countries. The most known image of a handicapped person is that of a person having to move in wheel chair but there is a very large variety of handicaps, some being able to be very discrete, such as deafness.

L? one universally considers at 278 million the people suffering from a moderate or major auditive loss of the two ears. Among the people who need an auditive help, less one (01) out of forty (40) has which it. Eighty percent of the people reached of auditive deficiency live in countries with bottom or average incomes and a quarter of auditive deficiencies occur during childhood (WHO, 2005).

In the industrialized countries, technology, medicine and the social services place at the disposal of the handicapped people a whole series of means facilitating the life to them or attenuating their difficulties. On the other hand, in the underdeveloped countries and in the process of development, in particular the countries of L? Sub-Saharan Africa, the handicapped person is forced to live with its handicap without any average palliative most of the time.

In Africa, people a long time regarded the auditive defective people as mental patients, “things”, “trick”, preventing them from learning anything. In certain countries, people continue to believe that the deaf people are had by “spirits démoniaques and malefic”. These practices show at which point the auditive defective people can have a miserable condition. Because of the weight of certain traditions, the birth of a child in particular handicapped an auditive defective child in a African family, gives place to interpretations and prejudices of any kind. Thus, often neglected by the family, marginalized by the company, been unaware of of the State, sometimes illiterates and without employment, the deaf persons in Africa still currently live a situation far from being enviable.
The deaf child unfortunately causes little interest on the Community level but also at the family level. The investment of the parents near the deaf children is often negligible. Many deaf children D? Africa are not registered at the school.

The auditive defective children, just like the other children in situation of handicap, test enormous needs for education, training, framing, housing, nutrition, health, etc They are today victims of the phenomenon of exclusion in the company. However, for the deaf children, the key is to learn: to learn not only the school matters but especially to learn the world, to learn which they are, namely of the people with whole share full with capacities and possibilities that one must wake up in them.

Right to L? is education one of the basic rights of L? man. Does any human being need D? an education to acquire knowledge allowing him to draw profit from the advantages and opportunities which do present nature and the company in a general but also to carry out life descent and worthy way, of S? to affirm as a full member of his community for finally taking part in its development.

D numbers? do studies reveal that L? education has a considerable influence on the social and professional life of the people.
In this direction, L? does school constitute the first stage towards socialization apart from L? home environment. However, of the thousands D? do individuals still continue aujourd? today D? in being private in the world.
It S? acts inter alia people handicapped in general and people reached of deafness in particular who are victims of L? social exclusion of any kind.
We notice a growing interest these last years for the questions D? social integration of the handicapped children. But this integration desired by all, N? is not without raising a certain number of questions. Is this insertion really beneficial for L? child, or N? is qu? a provisional relief for its family? S? does it act D? a true social and teaching integration allowing L? child to take part in the educational activities and the life of group, or N? is this qu? a guarding, attentive but passive, even a simple kind of “lure” for the family which moves back in front of the reality of the handicap and L? orientation towards an establishment specialized of which L? could child profit earlier?


Always is qu? it is important D? to integrate L? deaf child in the school system as of L? childhood. D? after a Ratio of 1991 presented by the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations on the Rights of L? man and L? disability, in the majority of the countries, one (01) nobody out of ten (10) at least has a physical, cognitive or sensory handicap (hearing/seen). In other words, there is between 50 and 55 million D? handicapped children of less than 12 years, of which less than 5% should reach L? objective of L? education for all, which is to finish the primary education cycle. And this number is undoubtedly in increase in the fact even of the situation of L? Africa with L? current hour, which is characterized by the progression of poverty, the wars, the child work, violence and the abuses, and Vih/Sida, etc


How not to be indignant in front of the situation these constrained deaf children to remain at the house when the other children are with L? school. Are they so different from the other children at the point not to receive a school education? Do there exist difficulties specific to the deaf children? Is they predisposed to be in school failure? How to recognize and take into account their difference?
It is thus important to think an integration best adapted for L? auditive defective child and to take into account its school weaknesses.

elkedj@gmail.com
tel. +221772096601

September 4, 2008 | 7:32 PM Comments  0 comments

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PROBLEMATIQUE DE L'EDUCATION PRESCOLAIRE EN AFRIQUE
Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

PROBLEMS OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION IN AFRICA
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
Let us point out what L? is education a basic right of L? human being. D tallies it? was action world to meet the fundamental educational needs adopted since 1990, at the time of the world conference on L? education for all; who saw the presence of 155 representatives of governments.
At the end of was this conference, it noted that more than 100 million D? children, including at least 60 million girls N? access does not have has L? does primary education teaching, even less have L? pre-school education. (World Declaration of L? education for all, 1990).
With that S? the fact adds that more than 100 million D? children and D? innumerable adults N? do not complete the basic educational cycle, million D? do others continue it jusqu? at the end, without acquiring the level of knowledge and essential competence.

Thus, L? UNESCO, with leaving the last conference on L? education in Dakar in 2000, S? is engaged to carry out the last combat of the finishing century, while making jump all the bolts which still block L? access to L? education to hundreds of million D? children in the world. At the time of did this conference, 164 countries decide to take measures so D? to eliminate L? does variation of schooling enter the children and to arrive has L? does equality enter the girls and boys D? here 2015.
Results of the assessment of L? Education For All with L? were year 2000 used as starting point with the redefinition of the future strategies of the movement of L? education for all. The world forum on L? did education adopt the framework D? action of Dakar, heading “L? education for all: to keep to our collective commitments”. This framework urges all the governments to guarantee, with all, a basic education of quality D? here at 2015, in particular with the girls, and S? accompany by the solemn promise, the countries and organizations financial backers. This framework also wants qu? no country which pledged serious in favour of L? basic education does not see its efforts constrained by the lack of resources.

Vis-a-vis the challenges of the 21st century, the framework D? does action of Dakar underline qu? it is essential D? to bring an education of quality and D? to reach all those which remain excluded from L? education: hard-working girls, children, ethnic children of minorities and ravaged children by violence, the conflicts, the handicaps and the HIV /SIDA.

However, according to Carol Bellanny, general Director of L? Will UNICEF, it be necessary to admit that to provide education for the 5 to 30% D? still excluded children, one will undoubtedly need approaches more innovating and more expensive, than for the 70 to 95% already provided education for. Does this remark show the possibility for qu? it remains still much to make for redynamiser L? education.

L? UNESCO, through its publication “policies of L? education and of the formation in sub-Saharan Africa; did problems, orientations and prospects” put forward the problems which block the education systems in particular in Africa and in the whole world D? a general manner.

In India, planning and the setting in? uvre of L? Did education for All profit from the support D? an amendment with the constitution, proclaiming the basic right to L? education. Did the central government adopt the objectives D? EPT (access for all the children to 8 years to L? basic education of quality D? here 2010) and is a particular importance attached to L? education of the early childhood.
Moreover, the report/ratio on L? does education in the world (1993), reveal qu? in Latin America 50% only of those which reach to L? primary education teaching finish the cycle of it.

On the other hand in South Asia, one notes for the same target 50%, 69% in the Arab states and in North America 85%, in Far East and 67% in Africa in the south of the Sahara (SHEIK FOAMED DIOP, 2005).
Do these statistics reveal the various dysfunctions which gangrènent the sector of L? education in the world, especially on the level of the pre-school one.

In Africa, this sector is confronted with several obstacles, in spite of the posted will of the governments. Problems involved in poverty with the lack D? infrastructures, while passing by the economic crisis and the strong demographic growth. It S? y adds that the African countries are, in their majority, confronted with the problem of the training of the teachers and especially that of the teachers of the pre-school one.
In truth, fast growth of the African population which passed from 222 million in 1950 to nearly 900 million in L? year 2000, with 46% which have less than fifteen years (CREATED, 2002); D represents as much? additional manpower for which, it is necessary to give a training and an education.

C? is thus qu? in Coast D? Does ivory, one attend the installation D? a device of technical and vocational training diversified: teaching, center of vocational training and center of improvement. (SHEIK FOAMED DIOP, 2005).

At is Cameroun, the education system placed, depuis1984, under the sign of the quality assurance of L? education. The three types D? education targeted are as follows: the pre-school one and the primary education, L? secondary education general, L? teaching technical and professional, which all is managed by L? National education (ibid)

In Burkina Faso, the decennial plan D? basic education adoptee in 1999 was altered to include in a more precise way the objectives of Dakar.
This country intends to use the schools more effectively to increase quality and the chances D? access (in term D? lesson, of handbooks, etc)

In Senegal, L? education and the formation, which are important stakes in any process of development, constitutes, in this respect, a priority of the government which devotes 40% of the budget of L to it? State. C? is why, the policy, from now on application in the sector is centered on the reinforcement of the system in priority of L? basic education, of L? technical teaching and of the vocational training. A Decennial Program of L? Will education and of Formation (PDEF), articulated in three phases be L? instrument of realization. This program constitutes the framework of consistency of L? together activities developed in the sector.

However, L? education of early childhood N? y is not in remainder, with the creation of the box of the small touts-; even if, staff training D? framing revêt still some insufficiencies.

It is also to note qu? in Senegal, the early childhood (0-6ans), accounts for 26% of manpower of the population. That is due to a strong fruitfulness and the considerable fall of infanto-youthful mortality. (ROKHY DIA, 2007).

L? total staff complement of this class D? was age estimated at 2 million in L? year 2000, including 850000 children having reached L? age D? to be allowed in a pre-school establishment (3 - 6ans) (JICA, 2004). In L? year 2000, only 2,7% of the children are collected in the establishments of pre-school (ibid).

Taking into consideration these statistics is, the report qu? in Africa, approximately, 40 million D? aren't old children of 6 with 11ans provided education for, more than 100 million D? provided education for children receive an education of bad quality. Moreover, between 20 and 29% of those which are to L? are school redoubling and numbers it which gives up L? school is in increase.

Ultimately, it would have to be retained that L? education, especially on the level of the pre-school one in considerable African countries is in crisis. It is necessary to act!

September 2, 2008 | 11:57 AM Comments  0 comments

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INTEGRATION SCOLAIRE DES ENFANTS EN SITUATION DE HANDICAP
Related to country: Senegal

Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

SCHOOL INTEGRATION OF THE CHILDREN IN SITUATION OF HANDICAP
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
Right to L? is education one of the basic rights of L? man. Does any human being need D? an education to acquire knowledge allowing him to draw profit from the advantages and opportunities which do present nature and the company in a general but also to carry out life descent and worthy way, of S? to affirm as a full member of his community for finally taking part in its development.

L? can education contribute to improve safety, health, prosperity and L? balance in the world. Did its importance in the world system encourage the international community in 1948 to make of it a pillar of the universal declaration of the rights of L? man.
D numbers? do studies reveal that L? education has a considerable influence on the social and professional life of the people.
In this direction, L? does school constitute the first stage towards socialization apart from L? home environment. However, of the thousands D? do individuals still continue aujourd? today D? in being private in the world.

It S? acts inter alia handicapped people who are victims of L? social exclusion whose multiple facets refer not only to the incomes, the professional statute, housing, health, the subjective perception of living decently but especially with L? access to L? education.
The will D? to educate the children with educational needs special N? thus did not appear without reason in the social debate.
More qu? a simple spontaneous movement, it proceeds D? a history and D? a context on becoming to it L? handicapped child.
Through each time, the figure of L? anormality is in oscillation between its maintenance in a peripheral social position, its rejection and its acceptance, its exclusion and its integration.

Are the handicapped people strongly confronted with L? social exclusion as of their youth, because of discrimination and of the obstacles drawn up by the company. So one attends a deficit D more and more? does education in many cases as reveal it L? inquires “Handicaps Incapacities Dependence” (HID) of L? INSEE which estimates that:
- 26% of the 20 year old people and + lodged in establishments for handicapped adults state to have stopped their studies for medical reasons and 59% of those which continued them have a schooling disturbed by their handicap. On the whole 45% state to know neither to read, neither to write, nor to count.
- 3% of the 20 year old do people and + living in residence state being incompetents to read, D? to write, to count and 35% N? have any diploma.
Indeed, L? is insufficiency of statistics in oneself revealing little D? interest carried jusqu? here with this important layer of the company whatever in addition the nature and the severity of their disorders.

The children living with a handicap were very often neglected in the education systems. This situation S? explains by the fact that, on different levels, the handicapped children always make L? experiment of the segregation in the company, in family as with L? school.

In fact each person develops in a cultural and ecological context particular. Functional capacities, L? personal identity and the practices of everyday life are affected by this context. This design of the person helps to include/understand how the company contributes to create “handicapping” conditions. The question is to know how the functional differences of the person and the conditions reigning in the physical and social context interact to create the social participation or the situation of handicap.

L? did handicapped child see his situation with attitudes, feelings qu? he acquired while reacting to the classifying and differentiating attitudes of the mediums which L? perceived like “different from the others”, which L? there is habit to say.


Currently, the problem of the children in situation of handicap rests on the debate of their education in term of needs and more precisely on the concern related to their access to the school structures. Documents published to support L? did education integrated during these last years put L? accent on the stages practise to help the schools to become intégratives.

Aujourd? today the difficulties D? aren't training any more in sights like characteristic features belonging to a person, but rather like the result D? an interaction between L? learning and human and material resources available for L? to help in its instruction.
One of the fundamental spots D? action relating to L? transformer matter D integration? is education of maximaliser the participation for all while reducing as much as possible the obstacles to L? training. L? development D? a intégrative pedagogy is a key element of this company.


elkedj@gmail.com

September 1, 2008 | 8:15 AM Comments  0 comments

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Menaces sur la biodiversité : La déforestation de l’Afrique prend des proportions inquiétantes
Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Threats on the biodiversity: The deforestation of L? Africa takes worrying proportions
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
A race speed is committed on a planetary scale to preserve a universal common good: million square kilometres of forests which contribute to the balance of nature and the climate. At the current rate/rhythm, more than 140.000 km2 of forests are destroyed each year, that is to say about the surface of Greece.

More and more of are roads open in the wet forests D? Central Africa to facilitate L? exploitation of their wood, to start with invaluable wood like the mahogany. The pressure S? increases on these virgin forests. To quantify L? advanced deforestation, researchers of “Woods Hole Research Center” of Falmouth publish, within the framework of their project “Integrated system of follow-up of the forests in Africa Centrale”, an article which shows an acceleration of deforestation in Africa Centrale. Has the article entitled “Expansion off Industrial Logging in Africa Exchange” rested on more than 300 images of the Landsat satellite covering 4 million km ² in Africa central and making it possible to follow the progression of the forest roads for thirty years (1973? 2003).
Before this work, there were few reliable data available for the follow-up of the forestry development as well legal as illegal in under area

Of the collected data, the researchers estimate that nearly 30% of the forests of central Africa (second tropical forest solid mass of planet after Amazonia) are delivered to the exploitation of wood. They listed 51.916 km of roads D? forestry development in this area, which includes/understands Cameroun, the Republic of Central Africa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of Congo and the democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The construction of the forest roads passed 156 km per annum between 1976 and 1990 to 660 km per annum since 2000 to Congo-Brazzaville and from 336 km per annum between 1986 and 1990 to 456 km per annum between 2000 and 2002 in DRC. These open roads for the demolition of wood account for 38% of all the traced roads. Through these data on the forest roads, the authors want to show that the forests dense and wet Basin of Congo are also inaccessible only a few years ago, which should increase deforestation and the threats on the biodiversity.

With L? do current hour, more than 30% of these forests (that is to say 600.000 km2) make L? object of forest concessions and 12% only are protected, specify Laporte and its colleagues. L? is future of these wet forests threatened by a nondurable exploitation of the resources, underline the researchers, and L? does opening of the roads allow the game D hunters? to reach increasingly moved back areas, threatening survival of certain species.

If it is necessary to find a cause utility with the protection of the biodiversity, it is enough to mention that the man draws his food resources there, but also raw materials necessary to its life.
And the man in all that? It is with C? ur of the biodiversity and does not cease interacting with it.
“If L? there is habit to stress that L? is man an accountant in front of the other men and in front of the future generations, it is also important to underline qu? it is also responsible in front of the other species which make the life” (Paul Vergès, president of L? ONERC).

elkedj@gmail.com

October 13, 2007 | 10:19 PM Comments  1 comments

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